The chinstrap penguin, a bio-indicator of changes in Antarctic ecosystems, is in dramatic decline due to temperature changes that affect the abundance of its prey.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed them as «endangered». In particular, the West African subspecies – the one pictured here – is listed as «critically endangered».

We have been aware from the 19th century of the importance of predation and rivalry between species in nature as predominant forces for natural selection. Darwinian thesis, the great paradigm of life, sets the basis for evolution in the mechanism of natural selection, without which,